Exploring Kent's Past

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Monument details

Summary

Grade I listed building. Main construction periods 730 to 1937 Formerly Minster Court

Monument Types

• NUNNERY (NUNNERY, Early Medieval or Anglo-Saxon - 410 AD to 1065 AD)
• ABBEY (Early Medieval or Anglo-Saxon to Modern - 730 AD to 1937 AD)
• AUGUSTINIAN GRANGE (AUGUSTINIAN GRANGE, Medieval - 1066 AD to 1539 AD)
• BENEDICTINE NUNNERY (BENEDICTINE NUNNERY, Post Medieval - 1540 AD to 1900 AD)

Full description

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Description from record TR 36 SW 3:
[TR 31206435] The Abbey [NR] (1) Minster Court, now called Minster Abbey, dates from the C12th [see plan -AO/LP/62/121] having become a grange of St Augustine's Abbey, Canterbury, after 1027, following the desecration of a nunnery (founded in C7th) after 1011. The grange chapel, probably demolished at or soon after the suppression was excavated in 1929-30. (2,3) The ancient tithe barn formerly 352 feet long, and 47 feet wide, was partly destroyed by fire in 1700. (4) Minster Abbey, Priory of Benedictine Nuns (since 1937), (a) is as described above and in excellent condition. There are no visible remains of the chapel but its site beneath the lawn at TR 3121 6433 is marked by flowerbeds. To the NE of the principal buildings is a large modern barn, at TR 31246440, which incorporates the buttressed lower courses of stonework of the S end of the original C15th tithe barn. At TR 31266453, TR 31286447 and TR 31296442 are three rectangular fishponds, waterfilled and in good conditon and fed by a stream issuing from a spring to the N. Published 1/2500 survey correct. (5) Minster Abbey, Bedlam Court Lane (W side), Minster. Grade I. Monastic grange, now abbey, C11 and C12, altered c1413. Rubble, flint and dressed stone details. Plain tiled roof. Originally built around 3 sides of a courtyard, a chapel on the S side, domestic and office ranges on the W and N sides. Entrance Front: the N front of the N wing C12 in origin. Two storeys on irregular plinth with string course and boxed eaves to hipped roof with stone stack at end left, and brick stacks to left and to right. Left end bay projects, with 2 tier C15 cinquefoiled window. The left end of the main range was probably rebuilt at the same time, a C15 window interrrupting the string course at this point. Two C12 windows on first floor, and 1 blocked to right. Three C17 segmental headed 3 light mullioned and transomed wooden casements on first floor, and irregular fenestration on ground floor of C20 trecusped 2 light window and C17 segmental headed mullioned and transomed windows. C15 door to centre right, 3 panelled door in four centred arched doorway, chamfered with moulded surround, with arms of Thomas Hunden in spandrels, Abbot of At Augustine's, Canterbury, 1405-1420. The door interrupts earlier pilaster strips. Derelict and partly ruinous C19 extension and wall to left of flint. Double projecting block with large cart doors to right, with round headed window over, and boarded door and sidelight to left with pointed arched heads. Wall about 8 feet high extending about 20 yards. Left return: C12 round-arched shafted window in upper wall above C19 extension. Right return: the rear of the late C11 W range, the main feature a central gabled 3 storey projection. Originally 2 storeyed and battlemented. Seven C20 gabled dormers and 4 C15 2 tier trecusped and cinquecusped windows. Rear elevation: to the inner courtyard. Main range with ground floor of greater thickness, defined by string course, the upper course with much finer masonry work. Pilaster strips. Two C12 windows on first floor to left, and 1 blocked to right. Three 2 tier cinquefoiled windows with double quatrefoiled mid-panels, all heavily restored, recessed in lower floor. Chamfered doorway and panelled door to left. West range 2 storeys with single dormer and central stack. Three C15 windows on first floor separated by small slit windows with blocked C12 light to right, and 2 C15 windows on ground floor, with round arched doorway with small sidelight, the semi-circular head made from a single block. The fabric shows much alteration. The door and sidelight are set within a small area rebuilt in ashlar. Lower ground floor otherwise shows masonry set herringbone fashion, with levelling courses of flint, also carried across onto the tower to left. Originally W tower of chapel (demolished), only the N wall adjacent with W range remains. Now 2 storeys, with shafted recess with pierced light on first floor to E and similar arcading to NW corner. Remains of arcading on eastern ground floor, and sculpture of Christ in Mandorla on W ground floor probably C19 reconstructions (For full description see list). (6)
Minster Abbey. An abbey since the 1930’s, inhabited by Benedictine nuns. The Norman buildings which they occupy were never monastic until the C20th. They belonged to an abbey however, St Augustine’s Canterbury, for they were the granges. The whole group, built round three sides of a square is open to the E. The church on the S side, demolished but known by excavation, dates from before the mind C12th. It was very rare for a grange to have its own church and this rather than the present parish church (TR 36 SW 2) may be on the site of Mildred’s Minster. (Full architectural description follows). (7)
History of Minster Abbey (8,9)
Architecture of Minster Abbey. (10-12)
Additional bibliography (not consulted). (13-15)
TR 3121 6433 Chapel excavated in 1929-30 by K.P. Kipps. (21)
TR 313 644 Abbey of Benedictine nuns. The ruins of the Saxon abbey burnt down by Danes in AD 751 and its medieval restoration. In current use as a nunnery. (22)
This is one of the largest and finest churches in Kent, and its site too is of great archaeological importance. There was almost certainly an early Kentish Royal vill here (and earlier a Roman villa), as it is very close to the large natural harbour (perhaps called Ebbsfleet) in the Wantsum channel behind the Stona Bank, where St. Augustine landed in 597. In c.A.D.670 the site became a monastery for Nuns and remained as such (though with interruptions in the 9th century), until finally destroyed by the Danes in 1011. The church and manor was given to St.Augustine’s Abbey in Canterbury in c.1030, and it is very likely that a multi-phased Anglo-Saxon church underlies the present church, though no pre-Norman work seems to survive in the present building. It is, however, just possible that the early church was on the nearby Minster Court site, but the 1929-30 excavation of parts of the chapel there only uncovered an early-Norman apsidal chapel (see Archaeol.Journ, 86 (1930), 213-223 with plan).
The Romanesque phases (ie 11th - 12th century ones) of the western arm of the church are very complicated, and probably cannot be fully sorted out without below-ground excavations. Perhaps the earliest part of the existing church, which may be of an Anglo-Saxon date (though no evidence for this is visible), is the walls of the eastern three bays of the nave. These ‘thin’ walls which were later pierced for arcades, could be part of the original nave c.37ft long by 22ft. wide internally. Blocked windows were apparently found in these walls in 1854. The early sanctuary must lie under the later crossing.
The thicker-walled western two bays of the nave is almost certainly of an early Norman date, and has two (now blocked) single-splay windows in the north and south sides (the outside of the window can be seen on the north, and the inside of the window on the south). These windows were in the walls of the as-yet aisleless nave. In 1863 a five-foot wide north-south wall-foundation was found under the floor between the thin and thick-walled sections of the nave.
The west wall of this extended nave, with a stair-turret in its south-west corner also probably survive, with slight pilasters on the north-west. The original quoins well all probably of caenstone.
From the mid-12th century, with the population increasing rapidly, the nave walls were pierced for arcades and lean-to roofs were made over new north and south aisles. The process probably started in the eastern three bays of the south aisle, where the arcades are perhaps stylistacally earlier. The work continued on the north where the style is more of the earliest transitional architecture (c.1180s). The semicircular arches in the nave are only decorated (in a high Romanesque style) on the inner faces, because the outer faces would hardly be visible because of the lean-to roofs. This aisle building then continued westwards in the thicker-walled section, and was perhaps not completed until c.1200 in the south-west two bays. At the east end of the nave, the lowest sections of the engaged piers and the bases, for the 12th century chancel arch survive. The upper sections and capitals were replaced in the 13th century.
In the later 12th century the western tower, of three main stages, was added, and a new higher tower-arch was put into the earlier west wall of the nave. Externally, the tower has angle-buttress on the west, with the two west-facing buttresses set back. The buttresses die out at the top of the second stage. The north and south buttresses and the north-west and south-west quoins all have Roman bricks for quoins in small sections lower down. This odd feature may relate to the lean-to aisle roofs (that on the north survived here until 1862), which probably continued west of the west wall of the nave proper. A fragment of the square bowl of a 12th century Purbeck Marble font lies on the south aisle floor.
In the earlier 13th century, the whole of the eastern arm was magnificently rebuilt as a cruciform church, with a long (4 bay) chancel and deep transepts (of 2 bays). All was meant to have stone quadriparite vaults, but only the chancel originally got vaults (the transept vaults were put in in 1863). A whole series of large lancets light the eastern arm (though the main south transept window was replaced in the 14th century). Internally they are finely moulded (with extra shafts and mouldings in the eastern triplet), while externally they have rebates for wooden frames (all now gone). In the chancel, just below the upper string course, is a decorative band (on small squares) with quatrefoils and trefoils on it. This and other decorative features here can be closely compared with the remains of the enlarged refectory at Christ Church Priory, Canterbury, which was built from c.1226-33.
In the north wall of the north transept is a fine contemporary tomb on the lid of which is an indent for a cross, and the remains of fixings for brass letters, which Weaver records as ICI GIST EDILE DE THORNE QUE FUST DAME DEL ESPINE. The front of the tomb-chest has indented trefoiled arches shallowly cut into the Purbeck marble sarcophagus, and the tomb is inserted into a wall niche with a hood-moulded arch over it.
The south aisle and east part of the north aisle of the nave had their outer wall rebuilt, and raised so that fine new traceried windows could be inserted, in the early 14th century. Oddly the western part of the north aisle was not completed until 1863. The aisles also have a crenelled parapet.
In the 15th century new crown-post roofs were built over the nave (of 6 bays), and crossing and transepts (the latter now concealed above the 1862-3 vaults). The top of the tower was rebuilt with a new timber spire (on a four-post structure - all destroyed in 1987), and crenellated parapet.
The stair-turret has also perhaps been rebuilt at this time. Also the west porch was perhaps added at this time (demolished 1862). In the chancel a fine set of wooden stalls (10 on the north and 8 on the south - with a gap to the priests door) was put in c.1401-19 (the vicar of that date, ‘Johannes Curtys’ is named on them). Both the eastern and the western crossing arches have holes on their north and south sides for timber beams presumably to hold the rood and documented ‘Low Rood’. The large projecting north porch (stoup inside) was perhaps 16th century (demol.1862).
As we have seen, the church was heavily restored by Ewan Christian in 1862-3 and refloored and pewed. The north aisle was completed, and all the doors (except the restored west one) were blocked and the porches removed. Flying buttresses were added to the chancel and the vaults were completed. The south vestry was built.
The font was brought from Holy Cross, Canterbury, in 1974 (and font cover). (25) In June 2002 an archaeological evaluation took place at Mildreds Priory (TR 36 SW 120), which revealed a possible ditch of a 13th century date. There was also the remains of 19th century outbuildings that had been demolished in the 20th century, also of the same period there was levelling and stabilisation of ground levels (26).

From the National Heritage List of England:

Details
The monument falls into two areas of protection and includes a Benedictine monastic grange and an earlier, pre-Conquest nunnery situated on low-lying ground near the eastern edge of the town of Minster, on the Isle of Thanet. Until around the 14th century, Minster lay on the north eastern shore of the Wantsum Channel, a now silted-up estuarine waterway which separated Thanet from the Kent mainland.

The nunnery is represented by below ground traces of buildings and associated remains, which will survive beneath the later monastic grange. Minster nunnery was first founded by Domneva, niece of Egbert, King of Kent, and her daughter St Mildred, in AD 670, on the site now occupied by Minster parish church around 150m to the south west of the monument. Historical records suggest that the religious house was moved in AD 741 by the third Abbess, St Edburga, when the original site became overcrowded. By this time the nunnery housed around 70 nuns. The new church was dedicated to St Peter and St Paul. Viking raids caused much disturbance to this part of Kent from the late eighth century, and the nunnery is reported to have been burnt to the ground, and many of the nuns massacred, in AD 840.

In AD 1027 King Canute granted the by then deserted nunnery and its lands to the Benedictine monks of St Augustine's Abbey, Canterbury. They constructed the monastic grange, which operated as the main administrative centre for their large, mainly arable farmlands then covering most of Thanet. The grange survives in the form of standing buildings, water-filled fishponds and associated below ground remains. Lying towards the centre of the south western area of protection, the main grange buildings were arranged around a square, east-west aligned courtyard. The standing buildings are Listed Grade I and incorporate the northern hall range and attached western range, along with the ruined fragment of a square tower which adjoins the southern end of the western range. Faced with rubble ragstone and flint with ashlar dressings, the buildings have been dated by their architectural details to the 11th and 12th centuries. Original features include courses of herringbone walling and some Norman doorways and windows. The main accommodation in the north and west ranges was originally on the first floor over vaulted undercrofts. The attached tower was three-storeyed, and its massively thick walls indicate that it had an at least partly defensive purpose. A large-scale programme of alteration and renewal was carried out for Abbott Thomas Hunden in 1413, and the buildings underwent subsequent phases of alteration during the 17th, 19th and 20th centuries. The standing medieval buildings have been in use as a modern Benedictine nunnery since 1937 and are therefore excluded from the scheduling although the ground beneath is included.

Investigations carried out in 1929-30 revealed the foundations of a demolished Norman church which formed the southern range of the main courtyard. This was attached at its western end to the square tower. Around 50m to the west of the main courtyard is a small rectangular building, in use as a modern laundry, which incorporates medieval walling representing the grange brewhouse. This building is Listed Grade II and excluded from the scheduling, although the ground beneath is included. Surrounding the grange to the south, south west and east, is a 19th century wall which incorporates a 19th century gatehouse in its eastern side. The wall and gatehouse are excluded from the scheduling, although the ground beneath is included.

The monastic grange had been leased as a secular farmhouse by the time of the Dissolution of the Monasteries, and was used for this purpose throughout the post-medieval period. The construction of a number of 19th and 20th century buildings within the monument will have caused some disturbance to the archaeological remains. These buildings are excluded from the scheduling, although the ground beneath them are included.

Medieval wall footings, indicating the presence of further, now demolished Norman buildings, were discovered during the construction of a new, detached modern chapel in 1993 to the east of the main northern range. Further buried traces of the monastic grange will survive in the areas between and around the known medieval buildings.

Situated to the north east are a group of three rectangular, linked, north- south aligned fishponds, which helped to supply the medieval grange with fresh fish. These have been partly disturbed by modern landscaping.

A number of features are excluded from the scheduling; these are the buildings of Minster Abbey, in use as a modern nunnery, the 19th century wall to the south, south west and east and the 19th century gatehouse, all modern garden structures and features, the modern surfaces of all paths, tracks, hardstanding and paving; the ground beneath all these features is, however, included.

Reasons for Designation
A monastic grange was a farm owned and run by a monastic community and independent of the secular manorial system of communal agriculture and servile labour. The function of granges was to provide food and raw materials for consumption within the parent monastic house itself, and also to provide surpluses for sale for profit. The first monastic granges appeared in the 12th century but they continued to be constructed and used until the Dissolution. This system of agriculture was pioneered by the Cistercian order but was soon imitated by other orders. Some granges were worked by resident lay-brothers (secular workers) of the order but others were staffed by non-resident labourers. The majority of granges practised a mixed economy but some were specialist in their function. Five types of grange are known: agrarian farms, bercaries (sheep farms), vaccaries (cattle ranches), horse studs and industrial complexes. A monastery might have more than one grange and the wealthiest houses had many. Frequently a grange was established on lands immediately adjacent to the monastery, this being known as the home grange. Other granges, however, could be found wherever the monastic site held lands. On occasion these could be located at some considerable distance from the parent monastery. Granges are broadly comparable with contemporary secular farms although the wealth of the parent house was frequently reflected in the size of the grange and the layout and architectural embellishment of the buildings. Additionally, because of their monastic connection, granges tend to be much better documented than their secular counterparts. No region was without monastic granges. The exact number of sites which originally existed is not precisely known but can be estimated, on the basis of numbers of monastic sites, at several thousand. Of these, however, only a small percentage can be accurately located on the ground today. Of this group of identifiable sites, continued intensive use of many has destroyed much of the evidence of archaeological remains. In view of the importance of granges to medieval rural and monastic life, all sites exhibiting good archaeological survival are identified as nationally important.

Nunneries were built to house communities of women living a common life of religious observance under systematic discipline. Although varying considerably in the detail of their appearance and layout, all nunneries include the basic elements of church, accommodation for the community and work buildings. At the focus is the main cloister, comprising the church and main domestic buildings arranged around an open cloister yard. This would often be accompanied by subsidiary courts and a gatehouse. The complex was enclosed by a precinct wall, fence, moat or ditch. Associated fishponds, mills, field systems, stock enclosures and barns might be situated beyond the precint, within the often large estate held by the religious house. The earliest English nunneries were founded in the seventh century AD, although most of these had fallen out of use by the ninth century. A small number of the earliest houses were refounded in the later medieval period. Most post-Conquest nunneries were established from the late 11th century onwards. Nunneries were established by most of the major religious orders of the time, including the Benedictines, Cistercians, Augustinians, Franciscans and Dominicans. It is known from historical sources that only 153 nunneries existed in England, of which the precise locations of around 100 are known. Few nunneries have been investigated in detail, and as a rare and poorly understood medieval monument type all examples exhibiting survival of archaeological remains are worthy of protection.

The monastic grange at Minster Abbey survives exceptionally well and is a rare, early example of this type of monument, retaining 11th and 12th century standing buildings of high architectural quality and other visible components. Part excavation has confirmed that the monument also retains important, below ground archaeological and environmental evidence relating to its original form, development and use. The grange is the most important and one of the best surviving examples of a group of contemporary Benedictine monastic granges which cluster on the Isle of Thanet, illustrating the control exercised over this part of Kent by St Augustine's Abbey, Canterbury during the medieval period.

The underlying, pre-Conquest nunnery is a comparatively well documented example of one of the earliest English religious houses. The close association between the monastic grange and the earlier nunnery will provide important evidence for medieval religious life over a period of around 800 years.

A photographic survey of the tower was carried out in 2008 by Archaeology South-East. (27)

The following text is from the original listed building designation:
MINSTER BEDLAM COURT LANE TR 3064-3164 (West Side) 5/6 Minster Abbey 6.2.58 GV I
Monastic grange, now abbey,Cll and C12, altered c.1413. Rubble, flint and dressed stone details. Plain tiled roof. Originally built around 3 sides of a courtyard, a chapel on the south side, domestic and office ranges on west and north sides. Entrance front: the north front of the north wing. C12 in origin. Two storeys on irregular plinth with string course and boxed eaves to hipped roof with stone stack at end left, and brick stacks to left and to right. Left end bay projects, with 2 tier C15 cinquefoiled window. The left end of the main range was probably rebuilt at the same time, a C15 window interrupting the string course at this point. Two C12 windows on first floor, and 1 blocked to right. Three C17 segmental headed 3 light mullioned and transomed wooden casements on first floor, and irregular fenestration on ground floor of C20 trecusped 2 light window and C17 segmental headed mullioned and transomed windows. C15 door to centre right, 3 panelled door in four centred arched doorway, chamfered with moulded surround, with arms of Thomas Hunden in spandrels, Abbot of St. Augustine's, Canterbury, 1405-1420. The door interrupts earlier pilaster strips. Derelict and partly ruinous C19 extension and wall to left, of flint. Double projecting block with large cart doors to right, with round headed window over, and boarded door and sidelight to left with pointed arched heads. Wall about 8 feet high extending about 20 yards. Left return: C12 round-arched shafted window in upper wall above C19 extension. Right return; the rear of the late Cll west range, the main feature a central gabled 3 storey projection. Originally 2 storeyed and battlemented. Seven C20 gabled dormers, and 4 C15 2 tier trecusped and cinquecusped windows. Rear elevation: to the inner courtyard. Main range with ground floor of greater thickness, defined by string course, the upper course with much finer masonry work. Pilaster strips. Two C12 windows on first floor to left, and 1 blocked to right. Three 2 tier cinquefoiled windows with double quatrefoiled mid-panels, all heavily restored, recessed in lower floor. Chamfered doorway and panelled door to left. West range 2 storeys with single dormer and central stack. Three C15 windows on first floor separated by small slit windows with blocked C12 light to right, and 2 C15 windows on ground floor, with round arched doorway with small sidelight, the semi-circular head made from a single block. The fabric shows much alteration. The door and sidelight are set within a small area rebuilt in ashlar. Lower ground floor otherwise shows masonry set herringbone fashion, with levelling courses of flint, also carried across onto the tower to left. Originally west tower of chapel (demolished), only the north wall adjacent with west range remains. Now 2 storeys, with shafted recess with pierced light on first floor to east, and similar arcading to north west corner. Remains of arcading on eastern ground floor, and sculpture of Christ in Mandorla on west ground floor probably C19 reconstructions. Newel stair in ashlared well in north-west corner. Interior: refashioned c.1413 by Abbot Hunden. West range may have a parallel rafter or scissor- braced roof, but is obscured by C20 alterations. North range with crown post roof, moulded octagonal posts, those at either end only attached shafts to frame. Smoke blackened. Early c18 dogleg stair with turned balusters. Slype between chapel tower and west wing now small chapel, groin-vaulted of 2½ bays. An abbey for Benedictine Nuns since the 1930's, built on the site of Abbey of St. Peter and St. Paul, refounded here c.750, destroyed by the Danes 840, transferred to St. Augustine's in 1027, and from then the central Grange of the Abbey's large holdings on Thanet. Already leased into private hands by the Dissolution, it remained a farmhouse until 1937. (See Archaeological Journal vol.86; also B.O.E. Kent,II, 1983, 395).
Listing NGR: TR3132464393 (27)

Historic England archive material (28)

<1> OS 6" 1960 (OS Card Reference). SKE48367.

<2> Archaeol Journ 86 1929 213-23 Plan illusts (P K Kipps) (OS Card Reference). SKE37283.

<3> Medieval Religious Houses England and Wales 1953 71 (Knowles and Hadcock) (OS Card Reference). SKE46869.

<4> Hist of Kent 10 1780 278 (E Hasted) (OS Card Reference). SKE43933.

<5> F1 ASP 02-DEC-63 (OS Card Reference). SKE41892.

<6> Information - The Prioress Minster Abbey (OS Card Reference). SKE44459.

<7> DOE (HHR) Dist of Thanet Kent 1986 3 (OS Card Reference). SKE40364.

<8> The Buildings of England North East and East Kent 1983 395 (J Newman) (OS Card Reference). SKE50196.

<9> Trans A M Soc 17 1970 39-50 illust (B R Fagg) (OS Card Reference). SKE50619.

<10> Decem Scriptores 1906-12 (Twysden) (OS Card Reference). SKE39700.

<11> Hist Mon St Aug (Rolls Ser) 215-25 (OS Card Reference). SKE43912.

<12> Hist Mon St Aug (Rolls Ser) 288 305 310 314 (OS Card Reference). SKE43913.

<13> Dict Nat Biog XXVII 376 XVI 305 (OS Card Reference). SKE39729.

<14> VCH Kent 2 1926 151 (OS Card Reference). SKE50949.

<15> Archaeol Journ 92 1935 189 (M Wood) (OS Card Reference). SKE37289.

<16> Norm Dom Archit 1974 35 (M Wood) (OS Card Reference). SKE47671.

<17> The Monastic Grange in Md England 1969 10-20 217-9 (C Platt) (OS Card Reference). SKE50434.

<18> Tanner's Notitia Monastica 1787 Kent LX 2061 (I Naismith) (OS Card Reference). SKE49807.

<19> Dom Archit England Conquest to 13th Century 1851 37-8 illus (J H Turner) (OS Card Reference). SKE41467.

<20> Munimenta Antiqua 4 1805 114-115 (E King) (OS Card Reference). SKE47475.

<21> RCHME Excavation Index Thanet Kent 14 PRN 15304 (OS Card Reference). SKE48997.

<22> Isle of Thanet Archaeol Unit Sites and Mons Archive 1985 Record No 296 (OS Card Reference). SKE44766.

<23> Field report for monument TR 36 SW 3 - December, 1963 (Bibliographic reference). SKE6270.

<24> DOWKER MSS (Collection). SKE6555.

<25> 1996, Diocese of Canterbury (Tim Tatton-Brown) (Unpublished document). SKE7566.

<26> Trust for Thanet Archaeology, 2002, St Mildred's Priory, Minster-in-Thanet, Kent: Archaeological Evaluation (Unpublished document). SKE8301.

<27> English Heritage, List of Buildings of Special Architectural or Historic Interest (Map). SKE16160.

<27> Archaeology South-East, 2008, St Mildred's Priory Tower, Minster-In-Thanet, Kent: Photographic Historic Building Record (Unpublished document). SKE18288.

<28> Historic England, Archive material associated with Minster Abbey, Minste Kent - Scheduled Monument (Archive). SKE55511.

Sources and further reading

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